Achievability of radiological equivalence associated with closed nuclear fuel cycle with fast reactors: impact of uncertainty factors in scenarios of Russian nuclear power development through to 2100. Part 1. Fast and thermal reactors

«Radiation and Risk», 2021, vol. 30, No. 2, pp.62-76

DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-2-62-76

Authors

Ivanov V.K. – Scientific Advisor of NRER, Chief Radioecologist of Project PRORYV, Chairman of RSCRP, Corresponding Member of RAS, D. Sc., Tech.
Menyajlo A.N. – Senior Researcher, C. Sc., Biol.
Chekin S.Yu. – Head of Lab.; Lovachev S.S. – Research Assistant. Contacts: 4 Korolyov str., Obninsk, Kaluga region, Russia, 249035. Tel.: (484) 399-30-79; e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. .
Korelo A.M. – Senior Researcher. A. Tsyb MRRC.
Lopatkin A.V. – Research Advisor for RE, D. Sc., Tech.
Spirin E.V. – Chief Researcher of the Dep. of the Chief Radioecologist, Project PRORYV, D. Sc., Biol.
Solomatin V.M. – Head of Dep. of the Chief Radioecologist, Project PRORYV, C. Sc., Biol. JSC PRORYV.
¹ A. Tsyb MRRC, Obninsk
² Joint Stock Company PRORYV, Moscow

Abstract

The Russian Government approved the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation (Government Decree No.1523-r of June 9, 2020). The Strategy envisages the use of both thermal (TR) and fast (FR) reactors. The Strategy points out that the problems of nuclear power are associated with potential high expenses for irradiated fuel and radioactive wastes management. The previously designed model of the Russian nuclear energy development suggested that fast reactors only would operate at NPPs after 2010. Radiological equivalence, expressed as the equivalence of lifetime radiation risks to the public from radioactive wastes and from primary uranium ore, was shown to be achieved after 100-year storage. The burnup of ²⁴¹Am, ²³⁷Np и ²⁴²Сm in closed nuclear fuel cycle with fast reactors is a key part in the achievability of radiation risks equivalence. Scenarios of the Russian nuclear energy development through to 2100 with account of uncertainty factors in the measurement of con-tribution of fast and thermal reactors to the electric energy production are considered in the paper. The following three scenarios were developed: uncertainty is replaced by FRs; uncertainty is replaced by TRs; 50 per cent of FRs and 50 per cent of TRs replace uncertainty. If the energy is produced by fast reactors only (scenario 1) radiological equivalence was found to be achieved in 412 years. In two other scenarios radiological equivalence will be achieved after more than 1000 years. Contribution of main dose-forming radionuclides and relevant ratios of potential biological hazards is included in models regardless of whether uncertainty in nuclear energy development is taking or not taking into account. Results of the study of conditions for radiological equivalence achievement should be used for amending Strategic plan of Russian nuclear power development through to 2100 that meets requirements of radiation ecology and radiation protection of the public.

Key words
the Energy strategy, development of nuclear energy through to 2100, radiological equivalence, radiation equivalence, IAEA safety standards, scenarios of nuclear power development through to 2100, condition for radiological equivalence achievement.

References

1. Fundamental safety principles. IAEA Safety Standards Series, N SF-1. Vienna, IAEA, 2007. 23 p. (In Russian).

2. ICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP, 2007, vol. 37, no. 2-4, pp. 1-332.

3. Preston D.L., Kusumi S., Tomonaga M., Izumi S., Ron E., Kuramoto A., Kamada N., Dohy H., Matsuo T., Nonaka H., Thompson D.E., Soda M., Mabuchi K. Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part III: Leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, 1950-1987. Radiat. Res., 1994, vol. 137 (2 Suppl.), pp. 68-97.

4. Preston D.L., Shimizu Y., Pierce D.A., Suyama A., Mabuchi K. Studies of mortality of atomic bomb survi-vors. Report 13: Solid cancer and noncancer disease mortality: 1950-1997. Radiat. Res., 2003, vol. 160, no. 4, pp. 381-407.

5. Preston D.L., Ron E., Tokuoka S., Funamoto S., Nishi N., Soda M., Mabuchi K., Kodama K. Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958-1998. Radiat. Res., 2007, vol. 168, no. 1, pp. 1-64.

6. Adamov E.O., Ganev I.Kh. Environmentally pure nuclear power. Moscow, N. Dollezhal PERDI, 2007. 145 p. (In Russian).

7. Lopatkin A.V. Radiation-equivalent treatment of radioactive waste. Technical reference 01.2017 NRRE. Moscow, 2017. 21 p. (In Russian).

8. Ivanov V.K., Chekin S.Yu., Menyajlo A.N., Maksioutov М.А., Tumanov K.A., Kashcheeva P.V., Lovachev S.S., Adamov E.O., Lopatkin A.V. Application of the radiation equivalence principle to estimation of levels of radiological protection of the population: risk-oriented approach. Radiatsiya i risk – Radiation and Risk, 2018, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 9-23. (In Russian).

9. Menyajlo A.N., Lovachev S.S., Chekin S.Yu., Ivanov V.K. Assessment of radiation risks from spent nuclear fuel depending on composition of radionuclides and radiation dose distribution in organs. Radiatsiya i risk – Radiation and Risk, 2019, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 26-36. (In Russian).

10. New generation nuclear power: radiological viability and environmental benefits. Eds.: V.K. Ivanov, E.O. Adamov. Moscow, Pero, 2019. 379 p. (In Russian).

Full-text article (in Russian)